Tractor Repair: 504 International Diesel --smoking badly, crankshaft pulley, timing advance

Question
I have a 504 International Diesel that is smoking badly and has no power.  When idling, the smoke clears but any slight increase in the throttle creates thick black smoke, no power and you can hear the engine missing.  It is difficult to get it to go above 8000 rpm.  I have sent the injectors away and had them cleaned...no change.  I am wondering if the injector pump could be slightly out of time.  If so, I am not entirely sure how to reset it but I do have the manual which isn't very clear on setting the pump timing.  Is it possible to do it when the tractor is running???

Thanks.

Answer
  An injection pump out of time will normally cause hard starting, rough running, and grey/blue smoke.  It's possible for the timing advance in the pump to have a problem, but it would not cause the symptoms that you have.  The pump itself would not suddenly get out of time, especially far enough to cause these extreme symptoms.  The pump can't be timed with the engine running.  There is a timing window with a cover on it on the side of the injection pump, and the lines on the rotor and pump must line up when the timing marks on the engine are lined up.  Some engines have timing marks on the front crankshaft pulley and some have them on the flywheel.  I don't have the specs on what the correct timing actually is.  But it doesn't sound like a timing problem anyway.  Thick black smoke is from too much fuel or not enough air.  Check the air cleaner and entire air intake to make sure something is not plugged or collapsed.  If everything is OK, then possibly there is an internal injection pump problem.  I think 8000 rpm is a typo, it should not run faster than about 2400 rpm.